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Every page on the site, grouped the way the menus group them, plus the pages the menus leave out.
Learn
Series, guides and myths on how flash and memory work, from cells to systems.
Flash and storage
Memory and chipmaking
Flash Myths, Tested
- A Full SSD Weighs More Than an Empty One
- A Gen5 SSD Loads Games Faster
- A Higher Sequential Speed Means a Faster PC
- A Power Cut Does Not Wipe Your SSD
- A Secure Erase Does Not Make an Old SSD Like New
- An Unplugged SSD Loses Its Data in Weeks
- Do SSDs Wear Out in a Couple of Years?
- Does an SSD Fail With No Warning?
- DRAM-Less SSDs Are Slow
- Every NVMe SSD Needs a Heatsink
- Hot NAND Is Bad for Your Data
- Leave a Quarter to Half of the Drive Empty
- Never Put the Pagefile on an SSD
- Once the Cache Fills, the Drive Stays Slow
- QLC Is Junk
- The Speed on the Box Is the Speed You Get
- Windows Defrags Your SSD and Wears It Out
- You Have to Run TRIM by Hand
Photolithography parts
- Photolithography, Part 1: How a Chip Is Printed With Light
- Photolithography, Part 2: Resolution, From Mercury Lamps to EUV
- Photolithography, Part 3: High-NA EUV and What It Means for Memory
- Photolithography, Part 4: How NAND Is Tested Before It Ships
- Photolithography, Part 5: CoWoS in Full
- Photolithography, Part 6: The Rest of Advanced Packaging
Flash in Devices parts
- UFS Explained: The Flash Storage Inside Your Phone
- eMMC Explained: The Flash Storage Inside Cheap Devices
- SD and microSD Cards: Classes, Bus Modes and SD Express
- Automotive and Industrial Flash: Built for Heat and Wear
- Flash in Phones and Tablets: One Board, Two Memories
- Flash in Small Devices: Routers, Cameras and Watches
Networking for SI parts
- Networking for SI, Part 1: NVMe-oF and the Network Behind SI Storage
- Networking for SI, Part 2: The Four Networks in an SI Cluster
- Networking for SI, Part 3: DPUs and SmartNICs as Storage Engines
- Networking for SI, Part 4: Ultra Ethernet Against RoCE
- Networking for SI, Part 5: CXL and SDXI Where They Touch Storage
How Storage Works parts
Storage and Memory in Practice parts
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 1: DDR5 for Builders
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 2: Cloning and Backup in 2026
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 3: SSDs for Builders
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 4: How to Read an SSD Spec Sheet
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 5: HDD Versus SSD on Cost, Power and Rebuild Time
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 6: Portable SSDs and Enclosures
- Storage and Memory in Practice, Part 7: Console and Handheld Storage
Running a NAS parts
- Running a NAS, Part 1: NAS Operating Systems Compared
- Running a NAS, Part 2: Pools and Filesystems on a NAS
- Running a NAS, Part 3: Drive Pooling on Windows
- Running a NAS, Part 4: SSDs in a NAS
- Running a NAS, Part 5: Tuning the NAS Network
- Running a NAS, Part 6: Sharing and Remote Access
- Running a NAS, Part 7: Apps and Backing Up the NAS
- Running a NAS, Part 8: Keeping a NAS Healthy
- Running a NAS, Part 9: NAS Problems Found Too Late
Working Memory parts
- Working Memory, Part 1: SRAM and the Processor Cache
- Working Memory, Part 2: DRAM From the Inside
- Working Memory, Part 3: What Could Follow DRAM
- Working Memory, Part 4: High Bandwidth Memory
- Working Memory, Part 5: Current Memory ICs
- Working Memory, Part 6: CAMM2, LPCAMM2 and SOCAMM2
- Working Memory, Part 7: CXL Memory Explained
Beyond NAND parts
- Beyond NAND, Part 1: NOR and Memory on the Processor Die
- Beyond NAND, Part 2: Phase-Change Memory and Optane
- Beyond NAND, Part 3: MRAM From Tunnel Junction to Product
- Beyond NAND, Part 4: Ferroelectric Memory From Polarization to Product
- Beyond NAND, Part 5: Resistive Memory and Computing in the Crossbar
Memory and Storage for SI parts
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 1: Memory as a Synapse
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 2: High Bandwidth Flash
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 3: zNAND-O
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 4: Storage-Next and the 512-Byte Read
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 5: Context Memory
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 6: The Capacity Drives
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 7: The Five-Minute Rule in Microseconds
- Memory and Storage for SI, Part 8: Where Memory Goes Next
Benchmarking 101 parts
Benchmarking 201 parts
Understanding SI guides
More guides
- Flash Foundations, Part 1: Standards & Interfaces
- Flash Foundations, Part 10: The Future of Flash
- Flash Foundations, Part 2: The Physics of Flash
- Flash Foundations, Part 3: From Cell to Die
- Flash Foundations, Part 4: 3D NAND Stacking
- Flash Foundations, Part 5: The Controller
- Flash Foundations, Part 6: The Flash Translation Layer
- Flash Foundations, Part 7: Garbage Collection & Wear
- Flash Foundations, Part 8: Error Correction & Integrity
- Flash Foundations, Part 9: Performance & Endurance
Explore
News and events, timelines, atlases and labs in your browser, and software.
News and events
Software
Timelines and data
Labs
Bit Stream
What the memory makers earn and build, and where the memory goes.
Making memory
Where memory goes
Roundups, company notes and group reports
- What a Gigawatt Takes
- SK hynix 3Q 2026
- Samsung Electronics 3Q 2026
- Micron Fiscal Q4 2026
- Maxio 3Q 2026
- Specialty Memory Makers, Q3 2026
- SSD and Module Brands, Q3 2026
- Memory Makers, Q3 2026
- Hard Drive Makers, Q3 2026
- Flash Makers, Q3 2026
- Chip Producers, Q3 2026
- Controller Makers, Q3 2026
- Chip Designers, Q3 2026
- ADATA 3Q 2026
- Q3 2026 Roundup
- Q2 2026 Roundup
- Q1 2026 Roundup
- Q4 2025 Roundup
- Q3 2025 Roundup
- Q2 2025 Roundup
- Q1 2025 Roundup
News
- Weekly Recap, October 31 to November 6, 2026
- Weekly Recap, October 24 to October 30, 2026
- Weekly Recap, October 17 to October 23, 2026
- Weekly Recap, October 10 to October 16, 2026
- Weekly Recap, October 3 to October 9, 2026
- Weekly Recap, September 26 to October 2, 2026
- Weekly Recap, September 19 to September 25, 2026
- Weekly Recap, September 12 to September 18, 2026
- Weekly Recap, September 5 to September 11, 2026
- Weekly Recap, August 29 to September 4, 2026
- Weekly Recap, August 22 to August 28, 2026
- Weekly Recap, August 15 to August 21, 2026
- Weekly Recap, August 8 to August 14, 2026
- Weekly Recap, August 1 to August 7, 2026
- Weekly Recap, July 25 to July 31, 2026
- Weekly Recap, July 18 to July 24, 2026
- Weekly Recap, July 11 to July 17, 2026
- Weekly Recap, July 4 to July 10, 2026
- Weekly Recap, June 27 to July 3, 2026
Best Picks
The drives, memory, GPUs and NAS gear we would buy, by tier.
Writing
Reviews, analysis and notes from the bench.
Technical Analysis
Blog
How I test and build
Lab notes
About
Other pages
Other pages
- Benchmarking 101
- Benchmarking 201
- Free Storage Tools
- Cell Footprint: 4F Squared vs 3D Cell Area
- Charge Trap Adoption Across Vendors
- CMOS Under Array (CuA/PUC)
- Layer Counts
- Process Variation in Tall Stacks
- Replacement Gate Process
- The Planar Scaling Wall
- The Staircase Contact
- Why Layer Counts Are Not Comparable
- Wordline Metal in 3D NAND
- Planes and Multi-Plane Operation
- Sensing and Sense Amplifiers
- The NAND String (Series Connection)
- Coulomb Blockade
- Fowler-Nordheim Tunneling
- Nanocrystal, SONOS and MONOS History
- Interleaving
- PMIC and Power Rails
- Read-Reference Voltage Calibration
- Large-Scale Field Reliability Studies
- Flexible Data Placement (FDP)
- FUA and Flush Semantics
- ASPM and NVMe Power Features
- CXL Generations, Adoption and Switching
- CXL.io, CXL.mem and CXL.cache
- PCIe Generations, Transfer Rates and x4 Bandwidth
- SR-IOV
- ONFI and Toggle NAND Interfaces
- Preconditioning and Steady State
- Thermal Throttling
- Background Refresh
- Cross-Temperature Program/Read Effects
- Edge Wordline and Deck-Junction Errors
- Timing Degradation with Wear
- Cryptographic Erase