Beyond the Bits

Blog

Field notes on flash, firmware, validation, and the work around the work.

How I validate SSDs, how the tools on this site were built, stories from the test bench, and personal reflections. The series and guides that teach a topic, including Benchmarking 101, are on the guides page.

Under the hood

How I test and build

How I run SSD validation so every run can be repeated, and how the interactive parts of this site were built, including the SI guide that runs inside a free-plan budget.

A request from an SI assistant passes two rate limits and comes back as a record with its source linkA three-panel schematic. Left: a message bubble from an assistant. Center: two gates one above the other, the request passing through both. Right: a record card with a label line, a value bar and a link chip. Copper arrows carry the request from panel to panel.ENGINEERING / MCPSourced figures for SI assistantsREQUEST · LIMITS · RECORD01 REQUEST02 LIMITS03 RECORDAssistantSource
Engineering

An MCP Server for the Eyes on Flash Data

Eyes on Flash now has a public, read-only MCP server: what it serves, how to connect, which sources it leaves out, and how it runs on Cloudflare's Free plan.

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Clef screening a message before Cell's answering model: a message, four probability bars against a dashed block line, then an answer or a canned replyA three-panel schematic. Left: a question bubble. Center: four probability bars of different heights with a dashed horizontal block line, the tall one crossing it. Right: an answering-model block with an answer bubble and, behind a dashed edge, a canned reply. Copper arrows carry the message from panel to panel.ENGINEERING / CELLA cheap screen before the modelMESSAGE · SCREEN · OUTCOME01 MESSAGE02 SCREEN03 OUTCOMEClef-flashModelCanned
Engineering

How I Put Cloudflare's Clef in Front of My SI Chatbot

How I used Cloudflare's Clef decision model to screen off-topic and jailbreak questions for a handful of neurons before Cell's model answers.

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How I made SSD validation repeatable: phase markers, a write-saturation curve and one report templateA three-panel cover. Left: nine phase markers in a row, the ninth drawn as the finish. Center: the write speed of an example 2 TB external SSD, 1.78 GB/s for the first five minutes and then a cliff to about 0.17 GB/s. Right: a report sheet of eight stacked sections, the same template for every product.VALIDATION AND METHODSOne plan for every drivePHASES · SATURATION · REPORT01 PHASES02 SATURATION03 REPORT123456789One marker per phase1.78 GB/sthen about 0.17 GB/s2 TB external SSDOne template
Validation and Methods

How I Made SSD Validation Repeatable

How I turned SSD validation into a repeatable process: fixed phases, write saturation with idle recovery, power capture, and a report each run had to fill in.

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Cell on the Free plan: an edge check, a neuron meter charged before each call, and Gemma 4 answering with Llama 3.3 70B behind itA three-panel schematic. Left: a question bubble passing a gate of the edge Worker. Center: a daily meter, a bar partly filled in copper, with a slot being charged before the call. Right: two model blocks, Gemma 4 26B in front and Llama 3.3 70B behind it, with an answer bubble. Copper arrows carry the question from panel to panel.ENGINEERING / CELLCharge every question before it runsCHECK · CHARGE · ANSWER01 CHECK02 CHARGE03 ANSWEREdge WorkerToday’s budgetLlamaGemma 4Workers AI
Engineering

How Cell Runs on Cloudflare's Free Plan

How I added an SI guide to my site without a paid plan: a budget that fails closed, a Durable Object for the heavy work, and an edge Worker near 1ms of CPU.

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SSD Atlas: the M.2 board, a NAND package opened to its dies and a single charge-trap string, joined by copper arrowsA three-panel schematic. Left: a top view of an M.2 board with gold contacts, a controller, DRAM and two NAND packages. Center: a NAND package opened to a stack of dies joined to the substrate by wire bonds. Right: one charge-trap string, a vertical pillar with a row of memory cells. Copper arrows lead from panel to panel.ENGINEERING / SSD ATLASOpening an SSD down to one cellBOARD · PACKAGE · CELL01 BOARD02 PACKAGE03 CELLM.2 driveNAND packageCharge-trap string
Engineering

How I Built the SSD Atlas, a 3D M.2 Map

The design decisions, bugs and honesty rules behind an interactive 3D reference for an M.2 NVMe SSD, from the board down to a single NAND cell.

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From the test bench

Lab notes

Validation stories, launch weeks and failures that only showed up under real load.

Gen5 speed on the box, under load and over the hoursA three-panel cover, no values. Left: a single tall bar for the peak bandwidth on the box. Center: a line that stays level and then falls, for a Gen5 controller and PHY under sustained load. Right: a solid line that stays level and a dashed line that steps down, for a drive that holds its speed and one that throttles over the hours.LAB NOTES / PCIE GEN5How long the speed lastsTHE BOX · UNDER LOAD · THE HOURS01 THE BOXPeak bandwidthon the box02 UNDER LOADHeat on controllerand PHY03 THE HOURSHolds, or throttlesover the hours
Lab Notes

The Visionary of PCIe 5.0

A reflection on PCIe Gen5 validation, where cooling, sustained workloads, and controller limits complicate the promise of higher bandwidth.

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A sealed SSD sample at the center of four things read from itA sealed black box at the center inside three concentric rings. Four labels around it name what is read from the sample: voltage curves, thermals, power spikes and latency drift.LAB NOTES / EMBARGO WEEKENDThe Blue Giant sampleSEALED · TESTED · PUBLISHEDTHE SOVEREIGNVoltage curvesThermalsPower spikesLatency drift
Lab Notes

T‑Minus 72 Hours

Inside the 72 hours before a major SSD launch: a Friday delivery, a Monday embargo, repeatable measurements, and the work behind a defensible review.

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Crucial P2 500GB write speeds: rated up to 940MB/s, the original sample over 1.8GB/s, the revised drive 40MB/s sustainedA three-panel schematic. Left: a dashed bar for the rating, up to 940MB/s. Center: a tall teal bar for the original TLC sample, over 1.8GB/s. Right: a very short teal bar for the revised QLC drive, 40MB/s sustained writes.LAB NOTES / FIELD PRACTICALITIESSame name, different flashRATED · ORIGINAL · REVISED01 RATED940MB/sRated, up to500GB model02 ORIGINALover 1.8GB/sOriginal sampleTLC flash03 REVISED40MB/sSustained writesQLC flash
Lab Notes

Field Practicalities

What happened when Crucial swapped the P2’s flash without changing its name, and why one review is only a snapshot of one sample.

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A drive's power over time: idle, then a burst of work with a peak and an average, then idle againA line chart without numbers. The power line sits low at idle, jumps up while the drive works, wobbles around an average level with one peak, then drops back to idle. Three dashed marks name the peak, the average and the idle level.BLOG / LAB NOTESPower next to speedWHAT A QUARCH CAPTURE ADDS TO A SPEED CHARTPowerTimePEAKAVERAGEIDLE
Lab Notes

The Quarch Chronicles

Why I measure power alongside performance, and what the numbers show about a drive that speed charts hide.

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A drive on the bench, an IOPS trace with a dip, and the review that went liveA three-panel schematic. Left: an SSD on a bench beside a fan. Center: a trace of IOPS over time with one dip drawn in copper. Right: a review page with a headline bar and lines of text. Copper arrows carry the story from panel to panel.LAB NOTES / REVIEWSRerun the dip before the embargo liftsBENCH · RERUN · PUBLISH01 BENCH02 RERUN03 PUBLISHTest rigIOPS dipReview live
Lab Notes

The SSD Guru’s Midnight Benchmark

A late-night account of benchmark reruns, thermal questions, and the pressure to turn a new SSD into a clear review before an embargo lifts.

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The torture test: a drive's full-speed write rate, the rate after its cache fills, and the writes before it throttlesA three-panel schematic. Left: my Kingston KC3000 sample wrote its first 369GB at 6,050MB/s, shown as a full bar. Center: the same drive dropped to about 1,015MB/s once the cache was full, shown as a shorter bar on the same scale. Right: the Seagate IronWolf 525 began to throttle after roughly 500GB of writes.LAB NOTES / SUSTAINED WRITESFast first, slow once the cache is fullFULL SPEED · CACHE FULL · HEAT01 FULL SPEED6,050MB/sKC3000, first 369GBBars on onescale02 CACHE FULL1,015MB/sKC3000, cache full(about this rate)Bars on onescale03 HEAT500GBroughly, before theIronWolf 525throttledLogged every run
Lab Notes

The “Torture Test” Architect

How I test sustained writes, cache recovery and heat, and why a short benchmark can hide what a long one shows.

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A 24-drive stripe, a controller and a collapsing throughput curveThree equal panels. First, twenty-four drives in a grid, all lit teal. Second, a single controller chip with two inner blocks labeled power and queues, linked by a double arrow. Third, a small chart where a teal line climbs and then a copper line drops sharply.ARTICLE / LAB NOTES24 drives, one stripe, all at onceALL ACTIVE · ONE CONTROLLER · THROUGHPUT FALLS01 24 DRIVES02 ONE CONTROLLER03 THROUGHPUTPOWERQUEUES
Lab Notes

The “All-at-Once” Failure

A 24-drive RAID 0 experiment exposes a synchronized failure that individual-drive tests missed, and challenges what validation should cover.

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Behind the work

Reflections

The people, places and habits that shaped how I test.

Why Eyes on Flash now writes SI: the same stack of memory dies under the old word, AI, struck through, and the new word, SITwo panels side by side. Left: the letters AI, struck through with a copper line, above a stack of six memory dies on a base die. Right: the letters SI in mint above an identical stack. A copper arrow points from the left panel to the right.BLOG / REFLECTIONSAI becomes SIEXECUTIVE ORDER 14434 · SEPTEMBER 29, 202601 OLD WORDAI02 NEW WORDSI
Reflections

Why Eyes on Flash Now Writes SI

Eyes on Flash now writes SI, not AI, after Executive Order 14434: what the order says, what it leaves alone, and how the site applies it.

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A forum thread becomes a guide, and a guide becomes a tool you run yourselfA three-panel cover. Left: a forum thread drawn as three stacked posts. Center: a guide drawn as a checklist of steps. Right: a tool drawn as a terminal window with a prompt and lines of output.ARTICLE / REFLECTIONSFrom forum thread to toolTHREAD · GUIDE · TOOL01 FORUM THREAD02 GUIDE03 TOOL> runrepeat it yourself
Reflections

From Guru to Guide

How my forum guides turned into Flash Foundations, SSD Benchmarking 101 and the tools on this site.

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Full Circle in three panels: cartridges and a cable on a bedroom floor, a cracked memory card, and a server rack with a waveformA three-panel schematic with copper arrows from panel to panel. Left: two game cartridges and a cable on the floor. Center: a memory card with a copper crack through it and the line data has memory, but not mercy. Right: a rack of server units beside a signal waveform.REFLECTIONS / FULL CIRCLEFrom the bedroom floor to the benchFLOOR · LESSON · BENCH01 FLOOR02 LESSON03 BENCHCartridges, cablesData has memory,but not mercyServer array
Reflections

Full Circle

A personal essay on how lost saves, college and years at the bench shaped my care for reliability in storage.

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From lens to logic: a camera lens on the left, a memory die with a grid of cells on the right, joined by an arrowTwo panels side by side. Left: a camera lens seen head-on as concentric rings with a small highlight. Right: a memory die drawn as a rectangle filled with a grid of cells. A copper arrow points from the lens to the die.BLOG / REFLECTIONSFrom lens to logicLENS · LOGIC01 THE LENS02 THE LOGIC
Reflections

The Lens and the Logic

How photography, a failed memory card, and the demands of creative work shaped an approach to storage testing and technical communication.

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Six stops on one line: candy, iPods, controllers, guides, reviews and validationA horizontal copper line with six teal circles on it, numbered one to six and labeled Candy, iPods, Controllers, Guides, Reviews and Validation, left to right.ARTICLE / REFLECTIONSFrom candy to repeatable testsSIX STOPS · IN ORDER01Candy02iPods03Controllers04Guides05Reviews06Validation
Reflections

The Origin of Purpose

How a teenage repair business, competitive gaming, forum guides and years of reviewing led me to test storage the way I do.

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Three panels: a trade show hall, a PCIe card, and a small circle of linked peopleA three-panel schematic. Left, a hall of nine booths. Center, a tall teal card with gold contacts along its lower edge, a PCIe drive. Right, five nodes joined by copper lines, a small circle of people.REFLECTIONSShow floors, drives and rivalsTHE FLOOR · THE DRIVE · THE CIRCLE01 THE FLOOR02 THE DRIVE03 THE CIRCLETrade show hallPCIe driveA small circle
Reflections

The Wild West of Storage

A reflection on the trade shows, benchmarks, mentors, and moments that shaped a career in storage journalism.

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